The Research Paper: Getting Started

信息素养1

  1. Choose a topic or identify your question
    • Be as specific as possible.
    • 你心中有目标吗. Are you writing a research paper, an essay, a speech, etc.?
    • How much information do you need? Do you need a specific number 的来源? 你可能 need more sources for a lengthy paper.
    • What type of information do you need to accomplish your goal? 你需要多样化吗 的来源? Do you need to use books, magazines, journals, online sources, etc.?
  2. Select a topic by using information sources
    • CQ研究员, a weekly publication covering current and controversial topics. 可用的电子 from the library's webpage under "Research Resources."
    • 箴Quest National 新闻papers provides online access to current, full text newspaper articles. 可用的电子 from the library's webpage under "Research Resources.“联系 the reference librarian 查阅资料.
    • 信条参考 searches encyclopedias and dictionaries to provide overviews of a variety of topics. 可用的电子 from the library's webpage under "Research Resources.“联系 the reference librarian 查阅资料.
    • Ask a librarian: reference@hartnell.Edu或致电831 759-6078
  3. Narrow or develop a topic
    • 阅读你的主题. Find background information from an encyclopedia, textbook 或者其他一般来源. If your topic is current or new, you may need to use a periodical or newspaper article available in the library's database.
    • Write down keywords, important names, dates, ideas and variant spellings and synonyms.
      • Using "bilingual education" as an example:
        • List synonyms and related words about the subject such as education, language instruction, bilingualism, limited English speaking, second language, non-English speaking, immersion 项目等.
        • List the people involved such as students, teachers, parents, school administrators, 政治家等.
        • List the time period covering your topic such as 1960s to present
        • List any other pertinent information such as politics, class size, economy, fiscal impact, student success, etc.
        • List words that describe the geographical and/or political area such as United States, 加州，德克萨斯等.
  4. 创建一个粗略的轮廓
    • 组织你的想法.
    • Include an Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. Your instructor may prefer a slightly 不同的组织.
  5. Create a preliminary bibliography
    • This is an alphabetical list 的来源 on your topic.
    • As you gather information on your topic, write each source in a separate document in the proper bibliographic format
    • 请看我们的讲义 MLA (PDF)和 美国心理学协会 (PDF) citation styles from the guides on the library webpage under "如何引用信息."
  6. Select the appropriate sources of information
    • Critically examine the information and sources.
    • Choose the best information.
    • Take notes using the sources that give your paper depth.
    • Write down the page number and source for each note.
  7. Make this information part of your own understanding
    • 整理笔记. Use the outline from step 4 as your guide.
    • Revise your outline and bibliography as you add new sources.
    • Integrate material from sources into your own writing by summarizing, paraphrasing, 和/或引用.
    • Draw from your own experience and knowledge.
  8. 写一个草稿.
    • Include the information from your outline.
    • Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Does it read logically and fluidly?
  9. Format your paper correctly
    • Include your list of works cited or references using the bibliographic format required 由你的导师.
    • Use Times New Roman size 12 font for your paper with 1" margins

网站:

写一篇研究论文 from the Online Writing Center at Purdue University

学术写作: Resources from the Writers Workshop at University of Illinois

Books at Hartnell 图书馆

Badke,威廉. 研究策略 . 电话号码: Z710 .B23 2017

D 'Yanni,罗伯特. Scribner Handbook for Writers . 电话号码: PE1408 .D56 1995

黑客,戴安娜. 作家的推荐信 . 电话号码: PE 1408 .H2778 2015

麦当劳,斯蒂芬. 作者的回应 . 电话号码: PE1408 .M267 2010

CA 1/18